There’s a lot here to respond to. Rather than attempt to address every point, it might help to suggest a representative reading of Matthew 13:36-43, to which you refer a couple of times, which will illustrate how Daniel’s vision of the Son of man is used to interpret the particular historical-eschatological crisis facing Israel in the first century.

Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples came to him, saying, “Explain to us the parable of the weeds of the field.” 37 He answered, “The one who sows the good seed is the Son of Man.

The Son of man is the one who will suffer righteously at the hands of the Gentiles. He sows the ‘word of the kingdom’: he announces that God is going to bring about a fundamental transformation in the fortunes of Israel through the suffering of his anointed one. The oppressor of Israel will be overthrown, destroyed, as the fourth beast is destroyed in Daniel 7:11, and the kingdom will be given to the suffering saints of the Most High (Dan. 7:14, 18).

38 The field is the world, and the good seed is the children of the kingdom. The weeds are the sons of the evil one, 39 and the enemy who sowed them is the devil.

The field is the world not so much because Jesus is thinking universally rather than restricting his teaching to Israel, but because the ‘world’ is the sphere in which the oppressor of Israel operates, the satanically inspired beast who in Daniel’s vision makes war against the righteous. The good seed are those (possibly including Gentiles in Jesus’ understanding) who remain loyal to YHWH; the weeds are those within the people of God who wittingly or unwittingly collaborate with the enemy of Israel (cf. Dan. 11:32).

The harvest is the close of the age, and the reapers are angels. 40 Just as the weeds are gathered and burned with fire, so will it be at the close of the age. 41 The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all law-breakers, 42 and throw them into the fiery furnace. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.

The ‘harvest at the close of the age’ is the war that will bring an end to second temple Judaism, leaving the renewed Spirit-filled community of Jesus’ disciples, bound together by the new covenant in his blood, united in the one who suffered on their behalf, to be a people for God’s own possession in the world.

43 Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He who has ears, let him hear.

The allusion here is to Daniel 12:3: ‘And those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the sky above; and those who turn many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever.’ Following the period of trouble that will be both judgment and deliverance for Israel, the righteous will be raised, vindicated, honoured. Daniel has in mind something like the Maccabean crisis in the second century BC; Jesus takes the vision over and applies it to the analogous crisis that Israel faced in the first century AD.