New creation and the kingdom of God

This is an attempt, in response to some perceptive comments by Chris Tilling and samlcarr on the recent ‘NT Wright and the confusion of kingdom and new creation’ post, to clarify how I understand the relation between ‘kingdom of God’ and ‘new creation’. These two themes have become central to the thinking of the emerging church, but I’m not sure that the tendency to treat them as broadly synonymous does justice to their biblical provenance.

There is clearly a connection between the two themes - I suggested in Re: Mission that Jesus’ comment to Nathanael about the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of man (Jn. 1:51) brings together in a quite remarkable way the story of new creation (the promise to Jacob) and the story of vindication and kingdom (Daniel’s vision of the human figure coming on a cloud). Indeed, the book basically explores how these two narratives intersect in the person of Jesus and in the experience of the early church that found itself called both to be new creation and to the community of the Son of man in him.

But that does not mean what we have here are simply two different terms for the same thing. A narratively constructed theology indicates quite readily, to my mind, how they are to be differentiated.

1. The new creation narrative is the bigger one - it contains the story about kingdom. Abraham is called to be God’s new humanity before Israel becomes a kingdom like its neighbours; and when the final enemy of creation, death, is defeated, the kingdom is handed back to the Father. Right at the centre of the whole thing is the critical story of how the new creation project is rescued from oblivion by God actively and decisively intervening as Israel’s ‘king’ - an intervention which is anticipated, we might say ‘incarnated’, in Jesus’ death and resurrection, but which should not be reduced to that pivotal episode.

2. I would argue that the kingdom theme has to do primarily with the problem that arises when Israel finds itself threatened by powers greater than itself or when YHWH’s sovereignty over the people is challenged. So the assertion in Isaiah that ‘YHWH reigns’ is meant specifically to contradict the power of Babylon and of the gods of Babylon over Israel. In Daniel kingdom is taken from the oppressive, war-mongering little horn on the head of the fourth beast and given to the saints of the Most High. The kingdom of God motif, therefore, has to do with the preservation and protection of God’s new creation. It is necessary, on the one hand, because Israel is surrounded by powerful enemies, and on the other, because God is willing to use those enemies to punish Israel when they persistently fail to keep the Law.

3. The dominant thought in the synoptic Gospels and in Acts is that the kingdom of God is something that is coming in the foreseeable future - that is, it is anticipated as an event that will have an impact on the future of Israel and the emerging church as they could realistically have imagined it. My view is that it is the borrowed story of the Son of man, which pervades the whole New Testament, that centrally (not exclusively) articulates the nature and scope of this expectation. It is a story of pagan oppression, Jewish apostasy and rebellion, the suffering of the righteous, judgment on unfaithful Israel, the eventual defeat of the oppressor, and the vindication of those who remain loyal to the covenant. It will be ‘fulfilled’ finally when the oppressor of the people of YHWH, that is pagan imperial Rome, is overthrown and the persecuted church is publicly vindicated in the ancient world, which I take to be the meaning of the parousia motif.

4. This is what finally and concretely liberates the community of those who have remained faithful to the new covenant in Christ to be God’s new creation inspired and guided not by the Law but by the Spirit of the creator God. So from our perspective the kingdom of God is no longer a future event; it has come. As long as that new creation needs to be protected and preserved, it remains under the ‘kingship’ of Christ (and of those who suffered and came to reign with him as part of that Son of man narrative). It seems to me that the New Testament takes a step beyond this in seeing Christ not only as the ‘firstborn from the dead’ but also as the ‘firstborn of all creation’ (Col. 1:15-20) - so I agree that Christ integrates these two themes in himself: he is both the Son of man who suffers and is vindicated and Jacob who hears a promise about a new creation in microcosm. But if we are going to read the Bible narratively, I think we need to allow the distance between these two themes and their complex narrative interaction to stand.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

 Andrew,

 You have made repeated references similar to the following:

"if we are going to read the Bible narratively"

However, it seems to me that you and the others that frequent this site have consistently ignored one of the most fundamental "narratives" in the Bible.  The "narrative" to which I refer is Israel’s marriage to God which begins in Exodus 6:3-8 and from there proceeds to unfold throughout the Bible.  While it may be useful to read the Bible "narratively, it is nearly impossible to properly understand the Bible without taking this narrative into account as one seeks to understand the Bible.  It is fundamentally important to a proper understanding of "the Bride/wife of Christ" motiff in the NT.

The users of this site desperately need to read a couple of books.

The first of these is:  Jesus, the Tribulation, and the end of the Exile  —  Restoration Eschatology and the Origin of the Atonement, by Dr. Brant Pitre, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA / Mohr Siebeck, Tubingen.  This book should be available in any good book store.  It is available on Amazon.com.

The second is:  The Olive Tree Mystery: A detailed analysis of the Old Testament presentation of the Olive tree - Israel - and its relationship to Romans Chapter 9-11 and other New Covenant Scriptures.  This book is available only by contacting the author at barldranch@sdplains.com.

 Without the very accurate Biblical information contained in these books, it is extremely unlikely that you will ever fully and correctly understand the New Testament.

 Lloyd

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

I actually have been struck by some similarity between what Andrew contends for and the teachings of a more traditional arm of Christendom that a few of my friends subscribe to and that they call "Dispensationalism".

Having not read the books that Lloyd refers to, I’m not sure if what he describes above falls into this school of thought or not. Still, if I recall correctly, a dispensational understanding of Jesus preaching of the kingdom also tries to limit our understanding of Jesus’ kingdom teaching (e.g. many parables and the Sermon on the Mount) to something that is only strictly relevant to the period of Jesus’ ministry and particular to Israel in the context of the covenant that God has made with Israel, rather than having much of a direct connection with post resusrrection teaching such as Paul’s which then does not have the covenantal limitation to contend with.

I’m sure though that the similarity is incidental for there are not many scholars today who lend much weight to the very allegorically literal methodology that my dispensationally oriented friends do prefer.

My question goes back even to some older tendencies in Christological thought to whether it is fair to draw such a hard line between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith. Or as Andrew puts it, between the narrative force of the Son of Man theme and the New Creation theme that Paul takes up.

While it is possible that one idea subsumes the other, it is also possible to understand the New Creation-Body of Christ  (to some extent) as a natural consequence to Son of Man-Suffering Servant, as both concepts could come together in Messiah-Christ, as they indeed seem to in Paul’s understanding.

And I do hope that I am forgiven again for jumping in very much into the deep end of a conversation, the theological nuances of which I am grossly ignorant.

Live to serve : Serve to live

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

 samlcarr,

As far as I am concerned, feel free to jump in whenever you wish.

You wrote:

"Having not read the books that Lloyd refers to, I’m not sure if what he describes above falls into this school (dispensational) of thought or not."

Please let me assure you and all others reading this that the two books which I urged you to read are definitely not dispensational.

 Also let me assure you and others that I have no intention to, "…tr(y) to limit (anyones) understanding of Jesus’ kingdom teaching," in fact the two books recommended above will greatly assist in the proper understanding of Jesus’ kingdom teachings and will also assist in the proper understanding of the parables, etc.

The recommended books and a careful reading of the "narrative" referenced above will greatly assist the Bible student to properly understand God’s covenant relationship with Israel, both old and new.

 Blessings,

 Lloyd

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

I believe we cant have a New Heaven, or Earth until Satan finally shows up and tells the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help her God.

But when Satan, finally does show up claiming Time is Short, will Satan contend; that S/He has been washed Clean and made a New Creation, by the Death of Jesus upon the Cross. If Satan has possessed a real Christian woman; would Satan now able to also accept that gift of Free Salvation.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

I think that the distinction between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith is different to the distinction between the Son of man and new creation themes. Wasn’t the point that we can only know the Christ of faith and that the ‘Jesus of history’, whom we supposedly encounter in the Gospels, was really only a retrojection of the Christ of faith?

The Son of man story as it develops in the New Testament extends beyond the life of the historical Jesus to encompass his vindication at the parousia, at his symbolic coming on the clouds of heaven to receive the kingdom following judgment on the fourth beast.

My general argument is that we can best test the historical coherence and credibility of the New Testament documents by reading them historically - by asking what sort of sense they make if read in the light of i) the memories and concrete experience of the communities that generated the texts; ii) the Old Testament texts that are so widely and consistently used in the New Testament writings; and iii) reasonable historical reconstructions of how these communities might have thought about their future.

So let’s take a simple example from the Sermon on the Mount. I would suggest that when Jesus tells a story about two men who build houses just before storms and floods come, we must take into account i) the fact that this is addressed to historical Israel under Roman occupation; ii) passages such as Ezekiel 13:8-16, which describes the storm of God’s wrath coming against Israel and the false prophets (cf. Matt. 7:15) who promise peace; and iii) the prophetic insight that Israel could well be heading for a catastrophic war against the occupying force. In light of those assumptions, the parable is a warning to Israel that their ‘house’ (possibily the temple) will be swept away in the coming war, and that only the community that is obedient to Jesus’ teaching will survive the destruction.

This hermeneutic is driven not by a dispensationalist schema but by what I think is simply a search for historical coherence and plausibility. There is, I admit, something a little illusory about this approach - in the sense that it is really more of a literary than a strictly historical undertaking, which would require a much more rigorous critical methodology. But I think, nevertheless, that it has much greater exegetical and intellectual integrity than traditional readings and somehow has to be taken seriously. The big question is whether a viable ‘evangelical’ narrative can be derived from this approach that will help the emerging church reconstruct its worldview, theology and whole approach to mission in a post-Christendom context. For all the adulation of Tom Wright that we hear, it seems to me that emerging theologies are still little more than warmed-over modern evangelical constructions spiced up with some kingdom language and lashings of postmodern gobbledygook. I sometimes think that the emerging church lacks intellectual courage.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

Andrew - I wholeheartedly endorse the interpretation of Jesus’s parable of the two houses which you give - with its historical perspective. I don’t have Tom Wright’s ‘Victory of God’ to hand, but I imagine that he says something similar about the parable.

The parable also gains meaning from its position at the end of the ‘sermon on the mount’: obey the teaching of the sermon on the mount - "whosoever hears my words these and does them" - and the house will stand; disobey - and the house will fall.

So the parable, and the teaching of Jesus, have a particular historical context. The question then follows: was this the only context in which the teaching was intended to be understood? Were there not different and later contexts in which the teaching was also intended to be understood?

Intended by whom? There is no evidence that Jesus himself saw multiple contexts in which his teaching would apply. But there is no evidence that he didn’t. The greatest evidence is deduced from practice - nobody, apart from a few diehard dispensationalists, has tried to argue that Jesus’s teaching (in this, and the ‘kingdom’), was intended for a limited historical time (about 40 years), and for a limited historical group of people. The vast majority have seen this teaching as relevant for all ages, and to be applied within all types of culture - which is where it has worked. To this day, the arguments are about how literally or how far the teaching is to be obeyed, but nobody has seriously questioned its authority over followers of Jesus.

I think, whatever the logical extrapolations of the narrative/historical argument, there has to be a serious focus on the issue of whether it is  credible that Jesus’s teaching, and his actions, were of such a limited historical and demographic relevance.

On the other hand, there has to be a serious focus on whether an equally credible theological case can be made for arguing that the teachings (and actions) of Jesus were relevant for cultures beyond the immediate historical people and culture in which they were given. A notable theologian, Brevard Childs, has seen the importance of such a discussion, and has given it in his "Introduction to the New Testament".

When we are looking at any major reinterpretation of the New Testament, we have to ask at least two questions:

i) Is this internally coherent and consistent?

ii) Where does this argument take us?

(These are my questions, not Childs’). If the latter question raises some serious doubts, then a more sceptical review of the first question is called for - however ardently or thoroughly it may appear to have been argued and presented. I believe that is very much the case here - and increasingly obviously the case, the more the implications of the narrative/historical argument are unravelled.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

Andrew, your historically contextual reading of Jesus actions and teachings leads to the vexing question of whether the substance of Jesus’ message has relevance to other than the very Israelite-Jewish setting within which it makes the most sense.

I don’t see that Paul is overly concerned that Jesus may have lost relevance. When writing to a mostly gentile convert audience, Paul seems to assume a familiarity with the gopel narrative and then move on from there. The 4 gospels themselves, being mostly later than Paul in final form, also seem to assume that Jesus’ story will be readily understood/believed as THE good news by anyone who can read Greek. Allusions to OT prophecies (Mtt 13:35, Acts 2:16) that are formulaically introduced again do not seem to assume that the reader needs a knowledge of the original context. The story on the whole is not difficult to understand, nor to believe.

I too wholeheartedly agree with your reading of Jesus’ parable. I also agree that the evangelical tradition, by being very selective in its understanding of a rather secular tale, has done a great disservice to the gospel that Jesus preached and himself lived out.

Certainly a methodologically rigorous, historically sensitive, reading goes a long way to challenging any proof-text approach to the bible. Certainly a sensitivity to how the writers linked the gospel story to the Israelite covenantal tradition and the broader context of the Roman occupation mirroring the Babylonian conquest also anchors and fleshes out the original context and meaning of many a pericope.

But when taken as a whole, the narrative force of the gospel story - the story of Jesus, really does not need these anchors. Greek speaking gentile NT readers in NT times who did not have any knowledge of the OT, nor of Israel’s hoary past, still linked up to the gospel story without great difficulty. This is evidenced by the lack of much explanatory stuff in the gospel texts themselves. Even the extended explanations in John’s gospel do not insist on an Israelite filter in order to be largely understandable.

I would ask whether insisting too strongly on a particular contextual reading and one that also insists on a particular eschatological framework, really does help to dig us out of the evangelical tendency to start with Paul before we have understood Jesus in the gospels. The inevitable consequence being that Jesus’ own centrality to Paul’s thinking is entirely lost. And all of Paul’s own foundations in the gospel narratives get thrown out with the Evangelical bath water?

Live to serve : Serve to live

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

This seems a good spot to enter something I wrote recently that is not directly responsive to Mr. Carr, since it was addressed to Andrew in any event, but espresses some thoughts on the content of Mr. Carr's post.

Christianity is founded on the life, death and resurrection of Jesus. Jesus was a human being and therefore, by definition, existed in history. But beyond what Rahner calls profane history, the life and ministry of the historical Jesus is important. To cut off Jesus from his place and time, to place him outside of history and to ignore the context within which he acted and spoke is to render the ministry and life of Jesus devoid of all human content and, therefore, unreal.1 At the same time, we cannot ignore that which is “deep and universal”, for to do so would fail to respect and do justice to the Jesus that is the Divine Christ.2

Moreover, to solely contextualize Jesus, to place him as a Jew, talking only to a Jewish community, delivering a message having meaning only to Jews, as God’s chosen people, threatens to leave no meaning left for those of us today, in the here and now, trying to follow Jesus’ narrow pathway. The paradox, then, is to tell the truth about Jesus but to do it in such a way that has meaning in the here and now.3

  1. 1. Gustavo Guiterriez, “Eschatology and Politics” in Theology of Liberation (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1988), 130-135.
  2. 2. Ibid.
  3. 3. Karl Rahner, Foundations of Christian Faith (New York: Crossroad, 1978), 178-180.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

For a response see ‘Why the historical Jesus matters’. 

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

so I agree
that Christ integrates these two themes in himself: he is both the Son of man
who suffers and is vindicated and Jacob who hears a promise about a new creation
in microcosm

Andrew, why then must we wait for a physical return of Jesus to physically "restore" this planet?  This strikes me as an inconsistency.  And I am not being critical by the way, I am just trying to understand how you reconcile those potential "problems" or even if you see a need to reconcile the potential inconsistency?

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

Virgil, just a quick clarification for now. The ‘coming’ of Jesus language in the New Testament has to do with two main themes: i) the vindication of Jesus and the community that identifies itself with him; and ii) the historical deliverance of that community from the pagan power that persecuted it. The Jewish War and the victory of the church over Roman paganism are the historical loci for that two-fold expectation. That, at least, is roughly how I see it. It ahs nothing to do with a physical return.

But I think that because the resurrection is inherently a ‘new creation’ event, a renewal of a creation that is subject to decay and death, the early believers saw in Jesus’ resurrection the ground not only for the martyr hope of vindication (the Son of man theme) but also for the more fundamental hope of a new creation (the Jacob theme) in which the final enemy death is defeated. But the latter remains theologically distinct from the vindication motif.

I don’t see a physical ‘return’ of Jesus to renew the creation. That is simply a final act of God at a creational level by which all injustice and corruption and death is destroyed. At that time the kingdom is handed back to the Father; it is no longer necessary for Jesus to rule as king over the people of God when the final enemy has been destroyed. But he is still there at the heart of God’s presence in the city which has descended from heaven.

This is a bit incoherent, I’m afraid - I’m in holiday mode. But I’m happy to discuss this further.

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

No, that’s not incoherent at all, in fact it makes sense! I often get questions from people about what will happen when the universe will cease to exist, the sun will stop shining, and the planet will no longer support life.  My answer is that I have no clue, at least not biblically speaking.  I have absolutely no problem with a Creator re-newing this creation as a "final act of God" at that time.  But ultimately the Bible speaks nothing of what may happen in a distant future; it rather tells a covenantal story which as you said, deals with the vindication of Christ as the true Son of God (which also has historical connotations) and the historical deliverance of the people of God. This two-fold expectation was fulfilled and is history.

As far as the nature of the resurrection goes, that is another story which I am afraid you and I will not resolve over a casual web-interface…those are the kind of discussions that require face-to-face time, potentially involving various adult beverages.

Thanks for answering :)

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

As far as the nature of the resurrection goes, that is another story which I am afraid you and I will not resolve over a casual web-interface…those are the kind of discussions that require face-to-face time, potentially involving various adult beverages.

Interpreting resurrection – when it is not used metaphorically – as having to do with anything other than bodies is both dangerous and contradictory; to do so is to cut resurrection language off from the first century context and ignore the definitions of the words themselves.

N.T. Wright lays out a good case in The Resurrection of the Son of God that in the first century resurrection language referred strictly to bodies and was as a result in direct opposition to the pagans of the day who knew as well as we know that the dead simply do not come back to life. Both pagan and Jewish conceptions of afterlife were simply not solutions to death; they were acknowledgements of it. Not until much later after the first century – in thought far removed from the Jewish context that engrossed and defined Jesus and his original followers – did resurrection come to refer simply to fluttering off to the afterlife as a disembodied spirit. Of course, there were some Gnostics who interpreted resurrection only around conversion (in contrast to the original Christians who saw conversion as an anticipation of bodily resurrection and the renewal of creation), but they, like the rest of the Platonic pagans, merely accepted death for the hope of a disembodied afterlife.

To suggest there remains no future bodily resurrection for the Christian church (or all of humanity) is to relieve God of his covenantal faithfulness and completely detach the language John and Paul use to describe the renewal of creation from their contexts in which resurrection referred to what would happen to bodies. More dangerous, however, is that in suggesting for the first century Christians the hope of resurrection did not involve bodies, it is equally suggestible that they did not even believe Jesus bodily rose from the dead; this is predicament Marcus Borg has found himself in, for example. “For if the dead are not raised, not even Christ has been raised” (1Co 15:16).

I’m not exactly sure what your position is, Virgil, but I’m aware of some hyperpreterists who downgrade the Christian hope to merely disembodiment. First century Judaism and Christianity stood over and against paganism for a reason, and to suggest that all along they were really in agreement with Plato, as far as I am concerned, is not only radical and but historically naive and theologically dangerous. I think if you do take the position of the hyperpreterists to which I referred, I suggest you read and heavily consider the argument Wright lays out in The Resurrection of the Son of God

Re: New creation and the kingdom of God

You guys really like using the words "naive" and "dangerous" around here. And "hyper" too…anything that is a challenge to the status quo or different in the least gets the "hyper" prefix nailed to it.  What is someone who is quite hyper about the use of the prefix hyper?? :)

To suggest there remains no future bodily resurrection for the
Christian church (or all of humanity) is to relieve God of his
covenantal faithfulness and completely detach the language John and
Paul use to describe the renewal of creation from their contexts in
which resurrection referred to what would happen to bodies.

What do you mean by "covenantal faithfulness," and which language…which passage?  I need to know exactly what you are refering to…I think of myself as having a pretty good understanding of covenant theology and I have never seen a physical resurrection of bodies born out of God’s covenantal faithfullness.  I see a first bodily resurrection taking place in the first century, for which the scripture accounts: when Jesus was resurrected, many other old covenant saints were resurrected as well, as evidence for the power of God and the deity of Jesus Christ.  That in itself does not prove that in some distant future all humanity will come back to life in physical bodies.  This is an inductive fallacy.

I’m not exactly sure what your position is, Virgil, but I’m aware of
some hyperpreterists who downgrade the Christian hope to merely
 disembodiment

I will tell you that I am not aware of ANY preterists who "downgrade Christian hope to merely disembodiment." It is again fallacious to appeal to fear in order to discredit an argument.

By the way, I would be happy to carry out a theological discourse with you on this topic if you are so inclined.  I enjoy respectful interaction, but appeals to authority (like pointing out what NT Wright believes) do not convince me of anything. I read all Wright’s material and he was not very convincing at all; I respect the man, but he remains just that.

What the meaning of "is" is.

The Bible tells me that I do best to receive moral instruction (prophesy) from folks who can make valid predictions.  Well… it’s a bit more specific than that.  I tells me to reject the moral intruction of those who assert "God told me" thing which God most definitely did not.  I think Modernism was all about taking moral instruction from science, which seeks to read God’s mind.  Anyhow….

 It seems to me that "kingdom of heaven" is two things… first the polity of an ethnic diaspora — the Jew end of thing.  Second the apolitical ethics of conscience and fraternity… the new covenant end of things.

 I’m not too familiar with Greek tenses — and I wonder if Jesus vernacular translated effectively into Greek, and how tense might be understood in that vernacular.  But tense is all important in my understanding of "the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting"  When YHWH introduces himself as the God of the patriarchs, Jesus insists that those patriarchs are in current communion with God.  Jesus tells us that the dead know thirst.  Anyhow… is he speaking of this kingdom as some parousia — like when Abraham emerges from the grave — or as some understanding of an unseen but asserted present circumstance?  Or is he using the weird Greek tense that implies an active process with an anticipated outcome?  Or is his use of tense all over the map depending on the context of the quote and who is doing the quoting?

I’m inclined to think that Jesus spoke of circumstances which were present, yet not evident, but soon would be.  And they aren’t something out of Ezekiel or the Apocalyse.  They are institutions which preserve the identity of a people, and make effective the will of the Creator toward His creation, outside the realm of political conquest.  It’s no more Saul and his hundreds and David with his thousands slain.  It’s the little jewish grandmother getting the candles lit before Friday’s sun sets.  It’s the bread broken and chalice shared among those who voluntarily gather to remember that God took the initiative.  It’s a kingdom built upon what doesn’t seem to amount to anything, but comes to be seen as everything.

Psalm 16

My life story sought always Your glory

Yet tales of You, O Lord, my God, need ought,

Take ought from mine. Gurus have adoring

crowds as they expound on their made up rot.

Miseries outnumbering deities

Await those who hear only what they please.

I, for one, will not their vile whims appease.

The Lord alone hears men upon their knees,

No ostentatious favors to bestow.

Sound judgment, pleasant lot, and stable stance,

Joyfully fearless of the fire below,

My story won’t fade nor foul with time’s advance

My insignificant devotion, Yours,

Signifies all that prospers and endures.

  

A puff away from 3 packs a day

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